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APC Research

APC PROPELLER MANUFACTURING PROCESS
USED BY LANDING PRODUCTS.

Process

Mold halves used in Landing Products injection molding machines are manufactured using computer controlled vertical milling machines which have automatic tool calibration and tool change  features. Each mold half is cut with a series of cutting tools using progressively smaller tool radii and finer mesh spacing. Once started, the operations required to cut a mold half are completely automatic. A minor amount of hand polishing of the mold cavity is performed after the milling operations are complete.

During an injection molding production run, fine adjustments may be made, if required, to mold position within the molding machine to control propeller balance. Molding machine parameters,  once set, are stored electronically for subsequent use to assure consistency between batches.

Larger propellers are retrieved from the injection molder with a robotics machine. The only postoperative manufacturing requirement is drilling of the prop shaft hole which uses a guide  hole provided by a pin resident within the mold.

 

Materials

The molding compound used in APC propellers is manufactured using a pultrusion process. This method causes the fiberglass "fibers" to be oriented axially in 1/2" long pellets. This long fiber compound allows a higher fiber (60%) to resin (nylon binder) density than short or chopped fiber compounds. Viscous (skinning) effects during injection molding cause these long fibers to remain dominantly oriented in the propeller span-wise axis. This provides substantially higher strength and stiffness compared to more conventional processes which use short or chopped fibers. While both more costly  and difficult to manufacture, the performance advantages of long fiber composites are substantial, as shown on the following table.

Property

Un reinforced
Nylon

Glass Filled
Nylon

APC Long
Fiber Composite

Tensile Strength

11.0 KSI

18.0 KSI

24.0 KSI

Tensile Elongation

(Very Large)

3 to 4 %

6 %

Flexural Strength

7.0 KSI

29.0 KSI

38.0 KSI

Flexural Modulus

0.41 MSI

1.3 MSI

2.3 MSI

 The long fiber composite material is both stiffer and stronger than glass filled nylon. The additional stiffness is beneficial to control of vibration resonance response. The natural frequencies of the propeller must be kept high enough to preclude excitation from engine torsional vibration and  aero-elastic flutter. The higher strength allows the use of (relatively) thinner cross-sections, beneficial to weight and aerodynamic efficiency.